Life in the Amazon region following total deforestation of its rainforest sounds pretty bleak: dry spells punctuated by bouts of extreme rain; strong winds that stunt any forest regrowth; and rising temperatures that cause heat stress for both people and wildlife.

That is according to research findings that upend the prevailing assumption that removing the rainforest will lead to a drying out of the region’s climate.

Most research predicts a steep reduction in rainfall following deforestation of the Amazon rainforest, but these studies generally use coarse-resolution models that don’t accurately represent convection patterns in the region.

Now, at the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Germany and her colleagues have deployed a more advanced climate model to accurately represent rainfall and convection patterns in the rainforest.

at the University of Leeds in the UK, who wasn’t involved in the study, says this approach is “really impressive” and should “better simulate the climate response to deforestation”.

Using this approach, Yoon earlier this year found that after total deforestation in the Amazon, under current climate conditions, . In new work, she takes a closer look at how the hourly patterns of rainfall, heat and wind will change under this complete-deforestation scenario.

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Her team found that the region will have more frequent dry periods and a 54 per cent increase in bouts of violent rainfall, defined as more than 50 millimetres of water falling within an hour. Meanwhile, daily minimum and maximum temperatures will increase by 2.7◩C (4.9◩F) and 5.4◩C (9.7◩F), respectively, significantly raising heat stress for the region’s inhabitants. What’s more, very strong winds will become more common.

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More than 30 million people live in the Amazon region, including about 2.7 million Indigenous people. “You’re going to have more extreme rainfall and more extreme temperatures,” says , also at the University of Leeds. “That is basically horrible for everyone who is there.”

But he cautions that more work is needed to verify the results of this modelling approach. He would also like to see more research into understanding the regional climate impacts of partial deforestation, which is more in line with future projections for the region. “These extreme scenarios are more for scientists to try to understand the signal. But we know it’s not realistic,” says Cattelan.

A growing number of the planet’s “vital signs” have reached record levels due to climate change and other environmental threats, according to a stark report by a group of prominent researchers.

“We are on the brink of an irreversible climate disaster,” write at Oregon State University and his colleagues. “This is a global emergency beyond any doubt. Much of the very fabric of life on Earth is imperilled.”

The report is the fifth annual State of the Climate report led by Ripple in an effort to present a clear warning of what the researchers say is a crisis given the extremes measured across key climate indicators, from greenhouse gas levels to tree cover loss.

“The climate crisis isn’t a distant threat, it’s a here-and-now crisis,” says at the University of Pennsylvania, one of several well-known co-authors of the report, which also includes historian , Earth scientist and oceanographer .

The researchers assessed 35 “planetary vital signs”, including the amount of heat in the oceans and the thickness of glaciers. The vital signs also include measures of the human factors driving many of those changes, such as meat production per capita and subsidies for fossil fuels.

Of those 35 metrics, the report finds 25 of them have reached record levels this year, most of them breaking records set in 2023. The human population rose to 8.12 billion people earlier this year, while the ruminant livestock population – a major source of methane – reached 4.22 billion animals. Greenhouse gas emissions this year have surpassed the equivalent of 40.4 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide, driving atmospheric levels of CO2, methane and nitrous oxide – a powerful greenhouse gas emitted from soil – to new highs.

The impacts of climate change have also reached record levels. There is more heat in the oceans and seawater is more acidic, while sea level continues to rise. Record amounts of mass were lost from Greenland’s ice sheet. Heat-related mortality in the US has also increased. It now stands at 0.62 per 100,000 person-years, a more than 30 per cent rise over 2023.

“We have now brought the planet into climatic conditions never witnessed by us or our prehistoric relatives within our genus, Homo,” the researchers write.

Five of the indicators did not set records last year, but did in 2024. That includes record consumption of coal and oil. The Antarctic ice sheet lost more mass than at any point over the past 22 years of records. A record 11.9 million hectares of forest burned. And global average temperatures rose further above average than at any point in at least the past 145 years.

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“It is staggering that, in a world where billions of people are already suffering from the impacts of climate change, fossil fuel emissions and deforestation rates are not slowing, but they are actually increasing,” says , an ecologist at ETH Zurich in Switzerland and a co-author of the report.

Some of the indicators set records in the right direction in terms of mitigating climate change. For instance, solar and wind energy consumption reached record highs, and in the world of finance there was a record level of divestment from fossil fuels. The proportion of emissions covered by carbon pricing also rose to record levels this year, and the rate of deforestation in Brazil saw a decline.

But the researchers argue this is far from sufficient. “Tragically, we are failing to avoid serious impacts, and we can now only hope to limit the extent of the damage,” they write.

Such direct language is unusual for a scientific report. But the authors argue this is justified, a sentiment in line with a published by Ripple and his colleagues in 2020 – and now signed by more than 15,000 researchers – that said scientists have a moral obligation to warn people of the dangers of climate change.

According to the new report, “with the increasingly undeniable effects of climate change, a dire assessment is an honest assessment”.