When the sun is out, many of us reach for sunscreen, but myths and misinformation have left some people confused about when and how to use it, and how to ensure we still get enough vitamin D. , a skin cancer expert at QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute in Australia, has led clinical trials looking at the link between sun exposure and skin cancer, and sunscreen use and vitamin D. She also recently led the development of a new that considers how to balance the risks and benefits of sun exposure. Here, she lists five things that everyone should know about sunscreen.

Sunscreen should be used as a last line of defence

Many people think it’s OK to lie on the beach all day in a tiny bikini as long as they rub sunscreen all over their exposed skin and reapply it every 2 hours. They think sunscreen makes them bulletproof. But even if you apply the best sunscreen perfectly, it still lets some ultraviolet (UV) radiation through. If you’re out in the sun for hours, that gradually adds up to a dose that is big enough to cause skin damage. At that point, it doesn’t matter if you apply more sunscreen; the damage is already done.

People often assume that if they reapply sunscreen every 2 hours, they’re sort of starting the protection again, but that’s not how it works. You also need to protect yourself with a hat, sunglasses, rash shirt or other protective clothing, and stay in the shade in the middle of the day. Sunscreen should be considered a last line of defence for the parts of your skin that you can’t easily cover while you’re outdoors, like your hands and neck.

There is good evidence that sunscreen protects against skin cancer and wrinkles

The largest, longest-running study of sunscreen was conducted in the Australian town of Nambour. In 1992, 1600 people in the town were randomised to apply daily sunscreen or continue with their normal sunscreen use, which tended to be minimal. It found that those who applied the daily sunscreen were years down the track.

The researchers also created moulds of the backs of the study participants’ hands to look at damage to the surface of the skin. Those in the daily sunscreen group had compared with those who didn’t. When they were followed up on in 2014, they also had .

The sunscreen to choose is the one you like wearing

It’s no good having sunscreen that sits in your cupboard and doesn’t end up on your skin because you don’t like the feel of it. If you’re going on a hike and you’re going to be out all day, it’s better to wear sunscreen with a high sun protection factor (SPF) of 50+. But it’s harder to get a high-SPF sunscreen that feels really nice, so if you’ll be popping out for only short periods throughout the day, you can choose an SPF 15 or 30 sunscreen. Tinted sunscreens can offer the same protection as normal sunscreens, but only if you apply them thickly. But because these often make the skin look overly tinted, people tend to apply them too thinly. One option is to first put on a thick layer of normal sunscreen, then apply the tinted sunscreen on top of it.

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Chemical sunscreens, meaning those that contain organic ingredients such as octocrylene and avobenzone, work by absorbing UV radiation from the sun and converting it to harmless heat. Inorganic sunscreens, also known as mineral or physical sunscreens, contain zinc oxide or titanium dioxide particles. They are often reported to work by reflecting or scattering UV radiation, but they actually , like chemical sunscreens.

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Wearing two layers of sunscreen helps to achieve adequate coverage

You get the SPF listed on the bottle only if you apply 2 milligrams of sunscreen per square centimetre of skin, which is around in an average adult. But it’s really hard to apply this amount of sunscreen in one go. One day, I decided to measure it out exactly, and I couldn’t rub it all on; it was too much. So now, I apply one layer, let it sink in while I brush my teeth and do other things, and then a second layer, so I can apply the full recommended amount.

I was born in Armidale, Australia, in the late 1960s and didn’t wear sunscreen as a child, despite my pale skin. I’ve since had three skin cancers removed, the first of which appeared when I was just 29. So now, I am careful to protect my skin.

If you’re diligent with sunscreen, you might need to take a vitamin D supplement

We recently conducted a trial called the Sun-D Study to see whether applying SPF 50+ sunscreen every day affects people’s vitamin D levels. We randomly assigned 639 people to apply SPF 50+ sunscreen as part of their daily morning routine on days when the UV index was forecast to reach 3 or higher, or to use it at their own discretion. After about a year, a – about 46 per cent compared with 37 per cent in the control group. If you wear sunscreen every day, I would advise taking a vitamin D supplement so that you don’t become deficient, especially in winter. I take one myself – they are cheap, safe and effective.

People with dark-coloured skin are at greater risk of developing a vitamin D deficiency. I recently led the development of a new that looked at how to balance the various risks and benefits of sun exposure. It brought together experts from many Australian universities and medical organisations, and it concluded that people with dark-coloured skin need to put on sunscreen only if they plan to spend more than 2 hours outdoors on days with high UV radiation levels. This is in recognition of the fact that melanoma incidence is 30 times lower in people with dark-coloured skin than in those with light-coloured skin, and that vitamin D deficiency poses a greater risk.

This is a month to look out for some powerful new books, with authors taking on challenges of all sorts and imagining whole new worlds. There are fresh ways to think about a cancer diagnosis, a book tackling the real inner world of hormones, in which we are all hormonal all the time, plus a major re-envisioning of the natural world where we abandon the shallows of competition for the depth and intricacies of connection and togetherness. Welcome to the symbiocene.

(editor-in-chief Alice Roberts)

It’s quite hard going to get an up-to-date grip on human evolution, even for the best-briefed adult, so a book with sophisticated text and excellent illustrations and diagrams can only be a good thing. Especially if it is curated and edited by Alice Roberts, biological anthropologist, palaeopathologist, broadcaster – and professor of public engagement in science at the University of Birmingham, UK. She worked with a generous-sized international team of experts in many fields of human evolution, including archaeology, palaeontology, anthropology and cognitive science. Each chapter is devoted to the evolution of a part of the body, including hands, lungs and the digestive system, building a complex picture of our origins and nature. There are so many questions to address: when did we invent clothes? Why are our babies altricial (underdeveloped and highly dependent at birth)? What happened to the other modern humans? Are we the only animals to have become quite so self-aware? Just the kind of book to take on a very long trip.

Ìę by Saira Hameed

For Saira Hameed, we are all hormonal, all of the time – it’s not colloquial shorthand for feeling tired, moody, puffy or all three. But then, as a consultant endocrinologist, she knows that the tiny hypothalamus (“an implausible leader of the body’s hormones”, as she calls it) controls the myriad processes that are all about everyday life and that we barely notice when they work: appetite, body weight, thirst, stress, sleep, growth, metabolism, puberty, reproduction and sex drive. This all makes for a fascinating book built around her clinical practice, featuring patients whose lives have been interrupted by the faulty signalling of any of the 50-plus hormones that run the human show. A sneak peek reveals a young boy whose life has been shattered by a brain tumour too stuck onto the hypothalamus for a clean excision. His sleep is erratic, his weight is soaring and it’s going to take more operations and tweaking hormones to approach giving him a life that works. And there are stories of terrible exhaustion and crushing infertility. It looks to be compelling stuff – and she sounds like the kind of consultant you would want on your side.

żìĂš¶ÌÊÓÆ” recommends Togetherness, a radical new view of life

An exploration of how biological cooperation underpins all life - and why we’ve overlooked its power until now - makes thrilling reading, finds Penny Sarchet

by Rowan Hooper

Rowan Hooper is żìĂš¶ÌÊÓƔ’s pod meister and a senior editor here for many years. His third book sets out to change all our minds, and to replace the dangerous shallows of competition that have brought us to the brink with a knowledge and sense of the small miracles of cooperation that have forged our natural world. The ubiquitous, lifelong partnerships between animals and plants, insects and fungi, fish and bacteria are an essential guide for a better future. Togetherness reveals the intimate connectedness of nature through stories of symbiosis. From the female wasp venturing deep inside a fig, and the intricate relationship between corals and the algae that sustain them, to the symbiotic gut microbes that influence our moods, Hooper explores how cooperation is fundamental to life and to protecting our shared future. The hope, the plan, is to change how we see the world, our place in it – and our obligation to it, so we can forge a symbiotic future. We can build nothing less than a symbiocene.

by Darby Saxbe

Darby Saxbe is a clinical psychologist and professor of psychology at the University of Southern California who has conducted one of the world’s largest longitudinal studies on men’s brains as they become fathers. She should be in a great place “to shift the narrative by showing that great parents are made, not born” and to answer the question that some might consider it premature to celebrate fathers when our culture still does so little to support mothers. “I’d answer that parenthood is not a zero-sum game
 Understanding the influence of fathers helps us build the tag team of adults who are cray about their kids. That, I hope, is a cause we can all champion,” she writes. It looks like a book for a deep read and a terrific addition to the increasing number of fatherhood books, like the excellent 2024 Father Time by anthropologist and primatologist Sarah Blaffer Hrdy.

by Elizabeth Dunn and Jiaying Zhao

What could be more fun than a counter-intuitive climate book? Psychologist Elizabeth Dunn and climate behaviour scientist Jiaying Zhao (both at the University of British Columbia, Canada) assembled a pile of what sound like too-good-to-be-true propositions. Take this: can you improve your happiness and wellbeing while also reducing your carbon footprint? Or, what if the most effective ways to fight climate change made you happy?ÌęAnd suppose we could make ourselves, and our planet, happier at the same time? Dunn and Zhao have a point: if you likeÌęthe changes you make, you’re more likely to stick with them – and spread them across friend and family networks. So, you don’t have to become a vegan or give up flying:Ìęsub chicken for beef, and take carry-on bags. Both make a decent dent in emissions at a lower personal cost. They also urge us to approach your emissions the way you (ideally) do your finances: strategically, thoughtfully and with the long-term firmly in mind. But above all, do something and do it joyfully. And more good news, data scientist Hannah Ritchie (author of Not the End of the World, a book stuffed with climate facts and hopeful solutions) approves. “Many would argue that this is too good to be true; Dunn and Zhao expertly show us that it is not,” she writes of the book.

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by Leroy Chiao with Victoria Bruce

What would you ask an astronaut if you could have lunch with them? Few people know how interstellar exploration feels better than Leroy Chiao, a retired NASA astronaut, former International Space Station commander and veteran of four space missions. He most recently served as commander and NASA science officer of Expedition 10 aboard the International Space Station (spending 229 days in space). Chiao is one of the first Asian-American astronauts, and, say his publishers, using his “unique perspective from flying with fellow American, Japanese and Russian professionals”, he can answer burning questions such as: what is the new space race, and who are the next generation of competitors? What is NASA working on these days? What feelings did you experience looking out at Earth from space? What does the future of space exploration look like? Will we ever make it to Mars? So, what would you ask over a three-course dinner?

by Brian Clegg

Could you accurately describe an electron, its function, genesis, discovery or future? If not, then enter Brian Clegg, with what looks like a handy refresher in the shape of a biography. Expect to hear everything from when the term was originally coined as a tentative name for the basic unit of electrical charge to the electron’s increasing centrality to our lives through electricity. Roger Highfield,Ìęscience director of The Science Museum, UK, reckons that in “34 brisk, brilliantly crafted chapters, he sweeps through centuries of discovery: essential reading for our electrified age”.

The best new popular science books of 2026

Clear out your shelves for a bumper new crop of books by authors including Naomi Klein, Rebecca Solnit and Xand Van Tulleken, says culture editor Alison Flood

by Kojo Koram

As “the 20th-century distinctions between ‘good’ and ‘bad’ drugs blur into incoherence”, The Next Fix by law professor and investigative journalist Kojo Koram is billed by one of its early reviewers as a guide to the new territory in which “yesterday’s banned substances are today’s wellness aids or pharmaceutical miracles”. Tricky territory indeed. Especially as it’s a bit of a no-brainer that the so-called War on Drugs will only be replaced by an approach based on the same old monopolies and exploitation that caused so many problems in the first place – from poverty to deforestation, pollution and loss of biodiversity. Koram tracks the tensions along a newly legalised frontier, exploring the possibilities of drug reform versus a new chapter in capitalism creating “a smooth transition from cartel barons to Wall Street oligopolies”.

Ìęby Jessica Pykett

Data from facial emotion recognition, brain-computer interfaces, virtual reality, global emotion surveys and sentiment analysis seem to offer an extraordinary new terrain for scientific exploration. Emotion-sensing promises to decode and even to augment and control the very essence of human experience. But what if the science and technology of emotion measurement get emotions wrong? ÌęInÌęGoverning Global Emotions, Jessica Pykett, professor of social and political geography and codirector of the Centre for Urban Wellbeing at the University of Birmingham, UK, describes how technologies create emotional data, how smart cities use sensors to monitor residents’ feelings and how global economies measure happiness. In an age of ever-increasing surveillance capitalism and the rise of neurocapitalism, that should make for an interesting read.

by Janet L. Jones

How much do we know about the psychology and neurology of one our companion animals, the charismatic horse? Somehow, say the publishers of A Horse’s World by Janet L. Jones, horses have been largely ignored by cognitive science even though the bond between horse and rider is every bit as strong as any other cross-species relationship. Neuroscientist and horse trainer Jones is up for producing an equine version of An Immense WorldÌęor Soul of an Octopus, through her own relationship with a horse called True North. Her account claims to be the first book of its kind to explore the fascinating science of how horses think, feel, learn and connect with their human companions, as Jones exposes common misconceptions that cause us to fault horses for “misbehaviours” that are normal prey-brain responses. She also explains, among many other features, how horses trade a human-style prefrontal cortex – capable of judgment, manipulation and complex strategic thinking – for powerful memory that supports excellent intelligence. Given the first MRI scan of an equine brain was not completed until 2019, there is still a vast deal to learn about equine neurology and neural physiology – and how to build trust with a creature whose internal world differs from our own.

by Louis Lefebvre, translated by Pablo Strauss

Just in case there are any lingering doubts about the cognitive capacity of birds, biologist and avian researcher Louis Lefebvre looks sure to dispel them in this book, which sets out to reveal how birds exhibit creativity, social learning and even cultural transmission, delving into the behaviours of everything from crows using cars as nutcrackers to cockatoos crafting tools. Blending decades of scientific research with anecdotes, Lefebvre derives an “innovation quotient” (like a human IQ) to measure and rank the innovation of a particular species. He answers questions about how a bird species spreads a new technique, why research on bird cognition is being used to train AI models and robots and what makes certain birds endlessly innovative, while others stubbornly repeat the same behaviours. Nicky Clayton, professor of comparative cognition at the University of Cambridge, has described the book as “an amazing avian adventure
 Like a profound magic effect, there are hidden gems on every page, tailored to both the general public and the in-depth expert.”

by Beeban Kidron

What has Bridget Jones got to do with moves to fight back against the excesses of big tech? The two are united in the person of author Baroness Beeban Kidron, now a crossbench peer and campaigner in the UK’s second house, the House of Lords – and once a film director (Bridget Jones: Edge of Reason). Her book Users is being promoted as an insider’s guide to how politicians and policymakers have sold democracy to Silicon Valley, and what we need to do to take it back. Kidron takes us on a journey from the halls of Parliament and the UN to the White House and Silicon Valley. Through her encounters with specialist police officers, bereaved parents, lobbyists and tech bros, says the publisher, we witness the unchecked power of Big Tech, as they avoid rules and regulations, and capture governments that are meant to protect us. We see how the issue is not technology itself, but its use and abuse. How tools built to connect people are redeployed to divide, punish, distract, and control; while tech overlords come to own everything – but continue to be held responsible for nothing. In February, she told The Bookseller: “UsersÌęis my answer to the hundreds of people who have contacted me feeling uncomfortable, overwhelmed or simply angry about technology – asking, ‘What can we do?’ My greatest wish is that readers find something in it that inspires them to act – in their homes, communities and workplaces – and to demand more from those in power.”

by Michael Handford

Michael Handford’s story sounds like it will be terrible, powerful and ultimately fascinating – probably in equal measure. He was an academic specialising in intercultural communication when he received a stage 4 throat cancer diagnosis at the age of 42 while living and working in Japan and the UK. According to his publisher, his book “examines how communication – whether with doctors, loved ones, or oneself – can shape the cancer experience”. Hanford even worked on devising his own metaphor for cancer, not caring for the more stereotypical ones involving battles. Now that’s a class act.