Dolphins in seas around the UK are dying from a combination of increased water temperatures and toxic chemicals that the UK banned in the 1980s.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a long-lasting type of persistent chemical pollutant, once widely used in industrial manufacturing. They interfere with animals’ reproduction and immune response and cause in humans.

In a new study, researchers showed that higher levels of PCBs in the body and increased sea surface temperatures are linked to a greater mortality risk from infectious diseases for short-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis), a first for marine mammals.

The ocean is facing “a triple planetary crisis” – climate change, pollution and biodiversity loss – but we often look at threats in isolation, says at Zoological Society of London.

Williams and her colleagues analysed post-mortem data from 836 common dolphins stranded in the UK between 1990 and 2020 to assess the impact of these interlinked threats.

They found a rise of 1 milligram of PCBs per kilogram of blubber was linked with a 1.6 per cent increase in the chance of infectious diseases – such as gastritis, enteritis, bacterial infection, encephalitis and pneumonia – becoming fatal. Every 1°C rise in sea surface temperature corresponded to a 14 per cent increase in mortality risk.

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According to the study, the threshold where PCB blubber concentrations have a significant effect on a dolphin’s risk of disease is 22 mg/kg, but the average concentration in samples was higher, at 32.15 mg/kg.

Because dolphins are long-lived, widely distributed around the UK and high in the food chain, they are a good indicator species to show how threats might also affect other animals.

“Their position at the top of the food web means that toxins from their prey accumulate in their blubber, providing a concentrated snapshot of chemical pollutants in the ocean – though unfortunately at the expense of their health,” says Thea Taylor, managing director of .

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Despite being banned in the UK in 1981 and internationally in 2001, PCBs are still washing into the ocean. “They are still probably entering the environment through stockpiles and are often a side product or a byproduct of other manufacturing processes,” says Williams.

Cleaning up PCBs is very difficult. “Because they’re so persistent, they’re a nightmare to get rid of,” she says. “There is definitely not an easy fix.”

Some researchers are exploring dredging as a cleanup technique, while others are focused on improving water treatment plants’ effectiveness in removing persistent chemicals.

These findings indicate what might happen if action isn’t taken to ban perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), another widespread group of so-called forever chemicals.

“While we cannot reverse the contamination that has already occurred, it is critical to prevent further chemical inputs into the environment,” says Taylor.

Four new species of deep-sea octopus have been discovered on underwater mountains around 3 kilometres down in the Pacific off Costa Rica, according to Schmidt Ocean Institute.

During expeditions in June and December 2023, researchers on the US non-profit organisation’s research vessel Falkor (too) found two low-temperature hydrothermal springs, two octopus nurseries and a skate nursery using a remotely operated vehicle named

Previous expeditions had shown octopus brooding areas near low-temperature springs, but finding these environments was challenging.

Hot hydrothermal vents at a typical 350°C are easy to spot, thanks to plumes of smoke billowing out of the seafloor. But the water temperature of the cooler springs is only about 10°C higher than the seabed’s 2°C average, making them visible only by a slight diffraction of light.

“It looks like it’s shimmering,” says expedition co-leader at the Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences in Maine, another non-profit.

It took multiple dives at various sites to find this subtle sign in the dark. “It’s like walking in a forest you’ve never been in before, with a flashlight, trying to find a hot spring,” says Orcutt. “We were kind of taking a gamble.”

The four new species haven’t yet been formally described, but one has been named the Dorado octopus, after a rock known as El Dorado hill where it was found. A type of Muusoctopus, the females gather to brood their eggs in warmer water.

The researchers are confident the others are new species based on their appearance, says Orcutt. They appear to be solitary, which is more typical of deep-sea octopuses. “They don’t like to have their neighbours nearby,” she says.

These insights into Costa Rica’s unique biodiversity could inform regional conservation policies. “It’s hard to [protect deep-sea wildlife] when you don’t know it’s down there,” says Orcutt.

These missions are also helping to inspire and develop local scientific talent through training for early career researchers in how to lead deep-sea expeditions, she says. The 310 specimens collected, which also included sea stars, brittle stars and sea cucumbers, will be housed at the University of Costa Rica’s Museum of Zoology rather than in the US where local researchers can’t easily access them.

With the deep sea facing many threats, including mining, more exploration is needed, says Orcutt: “We’re really just scratching the surface.”