SOME of the world鈥檚 richest people are funding research that could use the oceans to combat climate change. The idea is welcomed by some researchers, but others caution that there is a lack of international agreement about geoengineering the planet in such ways. Should billionaires be able to start tinkering with the climate without asking the rest of us?
Last September, scientists, policy-makers and funders met in California to discuss an idea to use an emerging suite of technologies known as ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE). This aims to reduce both ocean acidification 鈥� which threatens delicate ecosystems like coral reefs 鈥� and atmospheric carbon dioxide levels (see 鈥�How to save the seas鈥�).
Doing this on a planetary scale would be a gargantuan undertaking. A says that one OAE process requires the extraction of 5 billion tonnes of rock each year, twice the quantity used in global cement production today.
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The rock would have to be finely ground up to increase its reactive surface area, and ultimately deployed worldwide, perhaps via a fleet of ships. This would have its own significant carbon footprint, making calculating the eventual benefits fiendishly complicated.
Silent benefactor
The conference attendees, including ecologists, biochemists and experts in carbon removal, discussed these problems, and brainstormed the science, the systems and the cash needed to make OAE a reality.
Little did most of them realise that the organisation behind the conference, Oceankind, is likely to be controlled by a Silicon Valley billionaire who would be able to fund a significant geoengineering effort out of their own pocket.
Oceankind was founded in California in April 2018, as a limited liability company (LLC). Incorporating as an LLC rather than as a non-profit organisation has one great advantage: charities in the US have to file public financial documents each year with the Internal Revenue Service, but LLCs are virtually opaque to public scrutiny.
Filings , and its named manager is Rosewood Family Advisors, a California-based firm whose accountants and lawyers provide dedicated services to ultra-affluent families.
It is unclear exactly who is funding Oceankind 鈥� neither Oceankind nor Rosewood responded to communications from 快猫短视频 鈥� but it seems to be someone who has made a lot of money in the tech industry.
Oceankind鈥檚 first CEO was Evan Rapoport, a long-time Google employee who helped launch Google Street View before moving to the company鈥檚 cutting-edge X team to develop . Rapoport wouldn鈥檛 discuss Oceankind, nor its benefactor, citing non-disclosure agreements. However, his : 鈥淚 was recruited by a high net worth family in Silicon Valley to create a vision and strategy for their new foundation to bring 鈥榤oonshot thinking鈥� into ocean conservation.鈥� Similar language on his refers to an 鈥渦ltra-high net worth鈥� Silicon Valley family.
鈥�5bn
tonnes of rock will be needed per year for geoengineering oceans鈥�
At a , Rapoport said that he hit the ground running, interviewing more than 100 experts and leaders across conservation, ocean engineering and food production. He said he was looking for 鈥渉igh-risk, high-reward, long-term impact that met the giving profile of the principals鈥�.
Rapaport reported that one of Oceankind鈥檚 early projects was in lab-grown seafood, funding scientists to 鈥渋mmortalise鈥� the cell lines for a few key food species, a process of manipulating cells so that they can be artificially grown for prolonged periods.
Oceankind also began to make donations to charities. WildAid in San Francisco noted in its that it had received at least $100,000 from Oceankind, helping its efforts to boost well-enforced marine protected areas. More recently, it to explore using machine learning in ocean conservation.
In 2019, Oceankind hired an environmental consultancy in California to . 鈥淲e were all a bit mystified about where the funding for the conference was coming from,鈥� says one of the attendees, who weren鈥檛 informed who was behind Oceankind. 鈥淎 number of scientists were concerned that it was fossil fuel money, and we were told it was not.鈥�
The conference was intended to summarise the science, share insights about OAE鈥檚 effectiveness, risk and uncertainties, and discuss opportunities to advance the field.
鈥淚f we鈥檙e really serious about solving our global carbon dioxide problem, it鈥檚 unwise to ignore 70 per cent of the Earth鈥檚 surface,鈥� says Greg Rau, a marine research scientist at the University of California, Santa Cruz, who attended the conference. 鈥淭he geologic carbon cycle is very effective at moderating CO2 over millions of years. Now we need to see if we can effectively accelerate that process, in ways that are cost-effective, safe and scale up.鈥�
Conference attendees agreed on several recommendations, with price tags. For those with less than $5 million to spend, the attendees suggested improving our understanding of OAE鈥檚 ecological impact, building a community of practitioners or analysing the costs of different technologies. More ambitious projects over $10 million included assessing market incentives and policy levers to enable OAE at scale and educating the public.
鈥淚f we鈥檙e serious about solving climate change, it鈥檚 unwise to ignore 70 per cent of the Earth鈥檚 surface鈥�
For ventures with more than $20 million at their disposal, the conference recommended developing OAE technology to reduce its costs to below $50 per tonne of carbon removed. Swiss start-up currently charges $1100 to permanently sequester 1 tonne of CO2 using its air capture system.
The conference even suggested that very wealthy donors consider 鈥渓arge-scale demonstrations鈥� to validate the effectiveness of OAE. , indicating a desire to think big.
Silicon Valley has no shortage of billionaires who could easily afford to carry out huge projects. 鈥淐orporations and rich people have realised that government has not come through on doing the heavy lifting for carbon management,鈥� says Rau. 鈥淧eople that have the interest and have big money are stepping up.鈥�
Bill Gates, for example, has , including plans to use stratospheric particulates to reflect incoming sunlight and slow global warming.
More recently, US payments company Stripe pledged to spend at least $1 million annually to remove CO2 from the atmosphere.
One of Stripe鈥檚 in this area is intended to capture more than 3000 tonnes of CO2 with . This aims to use natural wave action on an unnamed Caribbean island to accelerate the weathering of the alkaline mineral olivine, which then reacts with CO2.
Stripe鈥檚 billionaire CEO Patrick Collison is also personally funding a similar effort, , at Heriot Watt University in Edinburgh, UK, 快猫短视频 has learned. This will test wave action on olivine, initially under lab conditions, although experiments have been delayed by the coronavirus pandemic.
Just as there is very little international consensus on how or even whether to proceed with geoengineering, there is virtually no way to stop a state, or a billionaire, trying to modify the climate. 鈥淢ost people agree that the governance mechanisms are mostly not there,鈥� says Elisabeth Graffy at Arizona State University.
Avoiding red tape?
Any organisation hoping to push ahead with geoengineering activities, even on a small scale, would be expected to engage with multiple bureaucracies at national, state and local government levels, she says. Of course, Silicon Valley is known to act first and deal with regulatory issues later, so it wouldn鈥檛 be unusual for someone with that background to push on without asking.
鈥淚t鈥檚 always appealing to say, 鈥榃ouldn鈥檛 it be great if someone could just do something and get past all the red tape?鈥�,鈥� says Stephen Gardiner at the University of Washington, Seattle, author of A Perfect Moral Storm: The ethical tragedy of climate change.
鈥淵ou could see that as a great statement of freedom. But the worry is that it鈥檚 freedom without accountability, freedom that involves a great concentration of power for people who don鈥檛 have the political legitimacy to exercise it,鈥� says Gardiner. 鈥淭hese are issues that ought to be discussed and of which the public should be aware.鈥�
In July, Democrats in the US issued a that included support for research on the risks and governance of geoengineering, ahead of a . If Oceankind has its way, they might find that a billionaire has got there first.
How to save the seas
Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) aims to increase undersea storage of carbon dioxide.
The simplest method involves accelerating the weathering of alkaline, silicate rocks. When such minerals are exposed to carbon dioxide in water, they react to produce dissolved calcium and magnesium bicarbonates.
Shellfish and other creatures use these bicarbonate ions to form skeletons and shells. When the sea creatures die, their bodies sink to the ocean floor. Over time, layers of shells and sediment cement together and turn into rock, stably storing the carbon.
OAE seeks to accelerate this process by grinding alkaline rocks to increase their reactive surface area. The ground-up rocks could be spread on land to react with CO2 in rainwater, and eventually find their way via rivers to the sea.
Other schemes involve deploying the rocks at coastlines to benefit from extra grinding from waves, or dumping them in the middle of the ocean.
Another OAE plan envisages coastal chemical reactors that use high concentrations of CO2 captured directly from cement plants or power stations to accelerate the process further.
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