Tropical fish and other species were able to colonise a small coastal area in the Sea of Japan thanks to discharges from a nearby nuclear power plant. The findings suggest global warming will drastically alter marine ecosystems around the temperate areas of Japan over the next few decades.
Since 2004, Reiji Masuda at Kyoto University and his colleagues have been carrying out underwater surveys every winter at three coastal sites near Kyoto. One of these sites is warmed by the water used to cool the Takahama nuclear power plant, keeping winter water temperatures around 13.6掳C.
There, the divers saw both more fish overall and a greater diversity of species, including tropical ones such as the blue damselfish (Pomacentrus coelestis) and the cutribbon wrasse (Stethojulis interrupta). Tropical invertebrates included the long-spined sea urchin (a species of Diadema).
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鈥淭here were so many sea urchins as they did not have predators,鈥� says Masuda.
These tropical species weren鈥檛 seen at the other two sites, even though winter temperatures there were only slightly lower, at 12.3掳C and 11.7掳C.
In February 2012, operations at the nuclear plant were suspended because of the Fukushima disaster. Winter water temperatures at the dive site fell by 3掳C to 10.6掳C, and the tropical species all disappeared. During surveys soon after the suspension, the divers saw dying fish and sea urchins.
In 2017, two of the four units at the nuclear plant restarted, and tropical species are gradually returning.
Masuda thinks the findings show that winter water temperatures in the region are just below the critical level tropical species require to survive. With water temperatures around the temperate parts of Japan rising fast due to global warming, that means tropical species will soon be able to colonise vast areas of the coast, drastically altering coastal ecosystems.
鈥淒ive shop owners may be happy to have such a change,鈥� says Masuda. 鈥淔ishermen are not. Fishes in temperate waters have better commercial value, as they taste better.鈥�
In waters whose temperatures aren鈥檛 near the critical level, similar increases may have far less of an effect. For instance, studies in the tropical waters around Taiwan have found no evidence that warmer water from nuclear plants there affect fish communities, says Masuda.
However, surface waters in many tropical areas are already becoming too warm for corals, with bleaching and die-off devastating many reefs around the world.
PLoS One
