Today is the 20th anniversary of one of the most iconic images in science. On 23 April 1998, US climate scientist Michael Mann and two colleagues . Central to it was a graph that would become known as the 鈥�hockey stick鈥�.
This graph was fairly simple, but its implications were monumental. Unlike any image before, it showed that Earth鈥檚 temperature had been relatively stable for 500 years, only to suddenly spike in the 20th century.
The hockey stick 鈥� named for its long flat line with a sharp upturn 鈥� was a strong visual aid that bolstered mounting evidence for human-produced greenhouse gases warming the climate.
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A year later, Mann and his colleagues extended their analysis further back, showing that the 20th century was hotter than any other time in the past millennium.
Seized on by the media, the hockey stick became a global news story. It also became the cornerstone of a bitter political debate, one that would change Mann鈥檚 life.
All-out assault
Climate sceptics with a vested interest in denying the hockey stick鈥檚 central message 鈥� that use of fossil fuels is harming the environment 鈥� waged an all-out war to discredit Mann and the group鈥檚 findings.
First, they went after the science. To reconstruct climate going back 500 or 1000 years 鈥� long before weather stations or satellites existed 鈥� the scientists had to use other indicators of temperature, such as tree rings in long-lived species and ice cores. They also had to develop a new statistical approach to translate such data into annual surface temperatures for the northern hemisphere.
As with all scientific analyses, there were uncertainties in the data and Mann and his colleagues had to make judgements on how best to handle them. uncertainties to claim the graph was an artefact, and that using certain proxy data 鈥� especially from bristlecone pine trees 鈥� biased the results.
Then, Mann鈥檚 adversaries went after him personally. Writing , Mann described how he was vilified on the editorial pages of The Wall Street Journal, had his e-mails stolen, and has received multiple death threats since the hockey stick article was published.
A new era
Congress eventually asked the US National Academy of Sciences to weigh in with an independent review. this endorsed Mann鈥檚 findings but had the scientists repeat the analysis with more and better data.
Since then, numerous studies have reiterated the hockey stick鈥榮 central conclusion: globally, it鈥檚 hotter now than it has been in 1000 years, and according to one analysis, it鈥檚 possibly hotter now than it has been for more than 10,000 years.
More importantly, the hockey stick is now just one piece of a much broader picture of climate change in which impacts are far outpacing the predictions of models. From the rapid to the , it鈥檚 pretty clear that we鈥檙e entering a new environmental era.
Through all of this, one remarkable fact is that Mann has been as enduring as his science. Despite an ongoing battle with his adversaries 鈥� now largely played out on Twitter 鈥� he remains hopeful that we can prevent climate change becoming the disaster it could be. But the clock is ticking.
Read more:听Climate myths: The 鈥榟ockey stick鈥� graph has been proven wrong
