The type of mistreatment Iraqi prisoners have suffered at the hands of US soldiers is unlikely to have occurred without the knowledge of higher authorities, say psychologists by contacted by 快猫短视频 鈥� adding support to allegations that the abuse may have been condoned by superiors.
The revelation that Iraqi prisoners were being degraded by their US captors at Abu Ghraib prison in Baghdad sparked worldwide disgust after graphic photos emerged in the media at the end of April. The images, which show naked male prisoners being humiliated, date back to 2003.
鈥淎 lot of people had to be in the know for this to happen. The very fact people felt confident enough to take pictures suggests that this was not something which was a secret,鈥� says Ian Robbins, a consultant clinical psychologist at the traumatic stress service at St George鈥檚 Hospital in London, UK, who has treated both victims of torture and torturers.
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In fact, both the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and Amnesty International raised the alleged abuse of prisoners with US authorities many months ago. The ICRC鈥檚 findings from visits to 14 Iraqi detention centres between March and October 2003 prompted 鈥渞epeated requests to the coalition authorities that they take corrective action鈥�.
A leaked ICRC report reveals how an intelligence officer in charge at Abu Ghraib had told the Red Cross when asked about captives being imprisoned in darkness for days that it was 鈥減art of the process鈥�.
鈥淭he US administration has shown a consistent disregard for the Geneva Conventions and basic principles of law, human rights and decency,鈥� says Irene Khan, Amnesty International鈥檚 secretary general. 鈥淭his has created a climate in which US soldiers feel they can dehumanise and degrade prisoners with impunity.鈥�
Rules and regulations
鈥淚n all organisations, all teams, troops and people will replicate in some way the personality of the number one person in charge 鈥� whether it鈥檚 the President, down to the general, down to the head of the jail,鈥� says Simon Meyerson, director of the Institute of Psychology in London. 鈥淚f you know there鈥檚 going to be trouble, you won鈥檛 do it.鈥�
Stansfield Turner, former head of the US Central Intelligence Agency, says the abuse 鈥渋ndicates the Bush administration鈥檚 indifference to laws and rules and regulations鈥�.
鈥淚f it was just the actions of a few aberrant people, they would either have to believe their superiors condoned what they did, or that they could get away with it because of lack of adequate supervision,鈥� he told the BBC.
He says the blame must be placed high. 鈥淚n this case I think at least a three or four star general should be fired 鈥� and fired immediately.鈥�
Hooded and cuffed
Sabrina Harman, a reservist implicated in abusing prisoners, has defended her actions in emails to the Washington Post saying she was acting on orders. She was photographed grinning next to a pile of naked, bound prisoners.
鈥淭hey would bring in one to several prisoners at a time already hooded and cuffed. The job of the MP [military police] was to keep them awake, make it hell so they would talk,鈥� she wrote.
Robbins told 快猫短视频: 鈥淚t looks to me that it was a well thought through process.鈥� He says acts of ill-treatment by rogue operatives acting alone are more likely to be routine low-grade violence 鈥� 鈥渢he odd slapping鈥� 鈥� and neglect, such as withholding food or access to toilets.
He also points out that the methods of humiliation depicted in the images would be particularly offensive to Arab men. 鈥淚f you really wanted to humiliate an Arab man, you would strip him, have a woman present, and then have a woman degrade him.鈥�
One recent image shows a woman holding a dog lead attached to the neck of a naked Iraqi man. Photographing such events is likely to compound the shame by placing it on record.
Robbins believes the abuses revealed so far could have been stopped 鈥渆xtremely easily鈥� by senior officers.