TO OUTSIDERS, it will seem shockingly narrow-minded. At a conference on drug
abuse last year, sponsored by the US government鈥檚 Center for Substance Abuse
Prevention, a speaker was shouted down and told to 鈥淪hut the fuck up鈥�. Her
crime? Simply saying that government anti-drugs funds should go only to
programmes based on methods that have been shown to work, and for suggesting
that a popular scheme called Girl Talk wasn鈥檛 one of them. Only the conservative
media thought the incident worth mentioning: the woman who had been silenced was
a noted conservative.
But for anyone following the debate over US drugs policy, intolerance of
dissent will be depressingly familiar. Lack of respect for research is an
endemic problem in this area. It is not helped by the media, whose uncritical
support for anything that claims to be 鈥渁nti-drugs鈥� only encourages the
proliferation of ineffective and expensive programmes.
Girl Talk promotes the idea that helping girls achieve more in traditionally
鈥渕asculine鈥� areas makes them less likely to use drugs. Yet since boys are at
least twice as likely to use drugs as girls, this notion is questionable, and
there isn鈥檛 a shred of independent research to back it up.
Advertisement
The DARE (Drug Abuse Resistance Education) programme is an even bigger
scandal, if only because it operates on such a large scale. DARE is conducted by
police officers in 80 per cent of American schools. Children are taught that all
drugs鈥攊ncluding alcohol and tobacco鈥攁re equally harmful and given
tips on the best ways to 鈥渏ust say no鈥�. In the past Glenn Levant, the
programme鈥檚 founder, regularly demonised researchers for faulting his programme,
calling their work 鈥渧oodoo science鈥� and accusing them of 鈥渒icking Santa Claus鈥�
and 鈥渟etting out to find ways to attack our programmes鈥�.
But a year ago he changed his tune. The government, embarrassed over the
absence of any sound data supporting DARE, threatened to withdraw funding. No
published, peer-reviewed study has found that DARE reduces drug use among
adolescents, while several have indicated increased use among participants. Yet
it took more than 18 years and a dozen solid negative studies of thousands of
children before the point hit home.
More remarkable still, at the same time that Levant was reflecting on the
ineffectiveness of his programme, he announced that he鈥檇 received a $13.7
million grant from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation to revamp it. DARE is so
deeply entrenched in so many schools, that the foundation decided it would be
better not to start from scratch.
The media鈥檚 ambivalent attitude towards DARE surely influenced its decision.
Just weeks before Levant鈥檚 announcement, a reporter from the Long Island-based
tabloid Newsday, one of the largest local newspapers in the US, summed
up the DARE debate in the following way: 鈥淒ifferent camps cite conflicting
studies, some indicating that DARE is effective and some that it isn鈥檛.鈥� If
Newsday had done a five-second Web search to check both sides鈥� citations,
it would have found that the real data supports only one position.
Most newspapers treat research as just another partisan voice. One Iowa paper
wrote in September: 鈥淢ost of the studies that have questioned DARE鈥檚
effectiveness show that the message does not last鈥攖hat those students who
receive DARE as their only lesson on drug abuse have forgotten the message by
the time they hit high school. That doesn鈥檛 mean it isn鈥檛 effective as a
starting point.鈥� Sounds like addict logic to me: if it鈥檚 not working, try
more.
It gets worse. Consider DARE鈥檚 basic premise鈥攖hat police officers
should teach children about drugs. Teenagers mistrust authority figures on this
subject, and are more likely to heed peers or adults whom they
know鈥攕omething social scientists have understood for years. DARE is now
taught to 10 and 11-year-olds, who compete eagerly for DARE shirts and praise
from its officers. But the revamped DARE will run in high school, where
teenagers鈥� interests in DARE paraphernalia is more likely to be ironic. It鈥檚
sure to raise a laugh at raves. Yet a major foundation has agreed to fund yet
more research鈥攁nd still no one asks why.
There鈥檚 a deeper problem here. The government鈥檚 position that drug use is
always harmful is scientifically dubious. Unfortunately, a 1994 law lays down
that federally funded prevention programmes must have a strict 鈥渘o use鈥� message.
This effectively blocks any significant change of tactics even outside DARE.
Political change will be needed before anti-drugs efforts can begin to improve.
To stimulate this change there needs to be better research and reporting. The
quality British press, for example, has been far more sceptical of anti-drugs
crusaders; and Britain has better drugs policies to show for it. The British
government has been funding needle-exchange programmes for drug addicts since
1988, as a way to limit the spread of HIV. The US government has still not
managed to do anything similar, despite scientific support from every major
concerned body.
What sounds good isn鈥檛 necessarily what works. Two major reviews of existing
data on drugs prevention programmes鈥攐ne American, one British鈥攈ave
found that there is no known programme that actually cuts illegal drug use.
After billions of dollars and over three decades, not one has had a significant
and lasting effect. So why not test alternatives?
It may be time to try programmes aimed at reducing the harm drugs do, rather
than their use. It may be possible to cut addiction and overdose rates. But
we鈥檒l never know unless American journalists hold the largest funder of drugs
research in the world鈥攖he US government鈥攁ccountable. So here鈥檚 an
appeal to American reporters: start to confront your biases and those of your
audience, and make the effort to understand the science. Dare to follow the
data, not the crowd.